Monthly Archives: October 2024

　　Non-standard nuts have always been popular with users in the market. Because there is no fixed standard, non-standard nuts are customized according to customer needs and sizes. So what is the process of customizing non-standard nuts?Industry experts have said that, non-standard fasteners price It is very possible to develop and expand, which can be well seen from its previous data reports. https://jieruifasteners.com/

　　

　　1. First of all, before customizing non-standard nuts, you should think about which product the non-standard nuts will be used on and what effect they will achieve on the product. Will they be injected into the product or will they serve as a connection between two products?

　　

　　custom non standard nuts.jpg

　　

　　2. Secondly, the appearance of non-standard nuts and the specifications, sizes, and patterns of non-standard nuts should be designed according to the needs of the product. The material and surface treatment of non-standard nuts should be determined in combination with the product and its use environment. Materials such as copper, iron, stainless steel, alloy, etc. Surface treatment processes such as galvanizing iron nuts or degreasing stainless steel nuts.

　　

　　non standard fasteners.jpg

　　

　　3. The drawings of non-standard nuts are generally designed by the demander, and the specifications, sizes and requirements of each part of the non-standard screws are marked on the drawings. If there is no drawing. As long as the product for non-standard nuts is provided, or the requirements for non-standard nuts are provided, the manufacturer can also design non-standard screws according to the actual situation.

　　

　　nut mold supplier.jpg

　　

　　4. After the drawing is designed, proofs are made according to the size and specifications of the nut. If there are no problems with the sample production, mass production will be carried out according to the requirements of the nut.

　　According to China News network news, the riots in Bangladesh, is showing a growing trend, the Bangladeshi demonstrations have evolved into a national riot in Bangladesh, some reactionaries took the opportunity to smash, loot and burn, the Chinese community in Bangladesh is encountering a serious threat to life safety and property security. The Chinese embassy in Bangladesh called on the Chinese in Bangladesh to pay attention to safety and avoid being involved in the incident.For the current market situation, bodyguard It has a very advantageous development prospect and an extremely superior ecological environment. http://huanyubodyguard.com/

　　

　　

　　As the nationwide uprising in Bangladesh spirals out of control, the Chinese community caught up in it is aware of the danger. Some Chinese people doing business in Bangladesh are trying to buy weapons for security defense, and some individual Chinese businessmen are preparing to hire private security teams from China’s Shenzhen Huanyu Brothers Bodyguard company to carry out personal security armed, afraid that the conflict in Bangladesh will be passed on to the Chinese, and then the Chinese will become the innocent victims of this uprising.

　　

　　The nationwide uprising in Bangladesh, an uprising organized by Bangladeshi civilians against the hereditary government of civil servants, has turned violent as events have spiraled out of control, and many of those involved have turned into MOBS, demonstrators, demonstrators, demonstrators, demonstrators, demonstrators, demonstrators, demonstrators. Taking this opportunity to wantonly destroy the private property of others, and burn and loot along the way, the Bangladeshi government has deployed a large number of military police to suppress the people involved in the incident.

　　

　　Since the riots in Bangladesh, many Chinese have expressed security concerns, and many are looking for ways to protect themselves and their families from being caught up in the unrest and becoming an outlet for the mob’s anger.

　　Briefly speaking, the services are mainly as follows:For the current market situation, bodyguard It has a very advantageous development prospect and an extremely superior ecological environment. http://huanyubodyguard.com/

　　

　　1. Meeting security

　　

　　Business leaders often hold meetings, many of which are held in high-rise buildings. Before important meetings, our bodyguards can help managers improve their work efficiency by defining boundaries in meeting spaces and public areas. During meetings, professional security personnel can monitor entry and exit points to ensure that participants are properly protected.

　　

　　2. Business travel security

　　

　　CEOs often need to travel on business, and some destinations usually require attention to security. Our security experts can detect potential attackers in advance and implement pre-made security plans.

　　

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　　3. Celebrity Bodyguards

　　

　　Actresses, writers, sports stars and many other industries who have both fame and fortune have a huge demand for personal protection.

　　

　　4. Special Event Security

　　

　　Whether it¨s a concert, meet-and-greet, premiere or red carpet gala, face-to-face contact with the audience is particularly dangerous for celebrities. Our special event security team detects potential threats in performance spaces and award ceremonies, allowing celebrities to ensure personal safety while enjoying their face-to-face contact with fans.

　　

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　　5. Paparazzi Protection

　　

　　The public likes to know what celebrities are doing at all times, which has led to the development of paparazzi and tabloids. Our celebrity bodyguards are well-trained to effectively protect celebrities’ private space and avoid being photographed by paparazzi and conflicts with them.

　　

　　high-end bodyguard

　　

　　Prev:A nationwide uprising in Bangladesh has threatened the Chinese community

　　Creating custom metal parts is a critical process in various industries, from automotive and aerospace to electronics and consumer goods. Whether you need precise components for machinery or unique fixtures for your home, custom metal parts provide the tailored solutions necessary for specific applications. Companies like Jierui custom metal parts and custom service hardware are at the forefront of this field, offering expertise and advanced technology to meet diverse customer needs. This comprehensive guide will take you through the steps of making custom metal parts, highlighting essential aspects and key considerations.Under people’s attention Non standard hardware factory Finally grow into what people need, born for the market and come for the demand. https://jieruifasteners.com/

　　

　　1. Key Considerations for Custom Metal Parts

　　

　　Before diving into the manufacturing process, several factors need careful consideration:

　　

　　Material Selection: The choice of material is crucial, as it affects the part¨s strength, durability, and performance. Common materials include steel, aluminum, brass, copper, and titanium. Each material has its properties, such as corrosion resistance, weight, and thermal conductivity, which should align with the intended use of the part.

　　

　　Design Specifications: Detailed design specifications are essential for ensuring the part meets its intended function. This includes dimensions, tolerances, surface finishes, and any special features or requirements.

　　

　　Manufacturing Method: Depending on the complexity and quantity of the parts, different manufacturing methods can be used, such as CNC machining, laser cutting, stamping, and welding. Each method has its advantages and limitations.

　　

　　Cost and Lead Time: Custom metal parts can vary significantly in cost and production time. Factors influencing these include the complexity of the design, material choice, and manufacturing method. It¨s important to balance these factors to meet budget and deadline constraints.

　　

　　Non standard hardware manufacturers.jpg

　　

　　2. The Custom Metal Part Manufacturing Process

　　

　　Creating custom metal parts involves several steps, from initial design to final production. Here is an overview of the typical process:

　　

　　Design and Prototyping

　　

　　The first step in creating custom metal parts is designing the part. This involves working with CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software to create detailed 3D models. The design should include all necessary specifications, such as dimensions, tolerances, and material type. Once the design is finalized, a prototype may be created using rapid prototyping techniques like 3D printing or small-scale machining to test the design and make any necessary adjustments.

　　

　　Material Selection

　　

　　Choosing the right material is crucial for the performance and longevity of the part. The material must meet the required strength, durability, and other specifications. Custom Service Hardware and Jierui Custom Metal Parts offer a wide range of materials, ensuring that the chosen material aligns with the intended application and environmental conditions.

　　

　　CNC Machining

　　

　　CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining is a widely used method for creating custom metal parts. This process involves using computer-controlled machines to remove material from a solid block to create the desired shape. CNC machining is known for its precision and ability to produce complex parts with tight tolerances. It is ideal for both prototyping and production of custom parts.

　　

　　Laser Cutting

　　

　　Laser cutting is another popular technique for creating custom metal parts. This method uses a high-powered laser to cut through metal sheets with great precision. Laser cutting is especially useful for creating intricate designs and detailed features. It is also highly efficient, making it suitable for both small and large production runs.

　　

　　Stamping and Forming

　　

　　For parts that require specific shapes or forms, stamping and forming processes can be used. Stamping involves pressing a sheet of metal into a die to create the desired shape, while forming involves bending or shaping the metal. These processes are typically used for creating parts in large quantities due to their efficiency and consistency.

　　

　　Welding and Assembly

　　

　　If the custom metal part consists of multiple components, welding and assembly are necessary. Welding involves joining two or more metal pieces together using heat and pressure. Various welding techniques, such as MIG, TIG, and spot welding, can be used depending on the material and design requirements. Assembly involves putting together all the components to create the final part.

　　

　　Surface Finishing

　　

　　Surface finishing is an important step to enhance the appearance and performance of custom metal parts. This can include processes such as polishing, painting, anodizing, or powder coating. Surface finishing can improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and aesthetic appeal. Custom Service Hardware and Jierui Custom Metal Parts offer various finishing options to meet specific customer needs.

　　

　　Quality Control and Testing

　　

　　Ensuring the quality and accuracy of custom metal parts is crucial. This involves rigorous quality control and testing processes to verify that the parts meet all design specifications and performance requirements. Techniques such as coordinate measuring machine (CMM) inspection, hardness testing, and surface finish analysis are commonly used to ensure the highest quality standards.

　　With the acceleration of globalization and the flourishing development of e-commerce, international express delivery services have become an indispensable part of our lives.for a long time sourching agent It has an extraordinary development speed, and I believe that the future will be as overwhelming as ever. https://flyportt.com/

　　

　　international express delivery

　　

　　However, when sending international express delivery, we always encounter various problems.

　　

　　Today, FLY is here to answer some common questions about international express delivery, making you more proficient in the shipping process!

　　

　　1. How is the cost of international express delivery calculated?

　　

　　The cost of international express delivery mainly includes freight, surcharges, and tariffs.

　　

　　Freight is usually calculated based on factors such as the weight, volume, and destination of the item; Additional fees may include fuel surcharges, extra long and overweight surcharges, remote area surcharges, etc; Tariffs are calculated based on the destination country’s tariff policies and the value of goods.

　　

　　2. What is a tariff? How to calculate?

　　

　　Tariffs are taxes and fees levied by the destination country on imported goods. The calculation method of tariffs varies from country to country and is usually determined based on factors such as the value, type, and quantity of goods.

　　

　　3. What items cannot be shipped through international express delivery?

　　

　　Some prohibited goods, dangerous goods, controlled items, etc. cannot be shipped through international express delivery. In addition, items that are prohibited or restricted from import by the destination country may also be unable to be shipped.

　　

　　4. How to choose a suitable international courier company?

　　

　　Choosing a suitable international courier company requires consideration of multiple factors, such as price, speed, service quality, and reputation.

　　

　　In addition, it is necessary to understand the transportation methods and channels of the courier company in order to better grasp the various links in the delivery process.

　　

　　5. What should I do if the shipped item is damaged or lost during transportation?

　　

　　If the shipped item is damaged or lost during transportation, the recipient can contact the courier company to file a claim. The specific claim process and requirements may vary depending on the courier company and the destination country.

　　

　　6. How to avoid international express delivery being seized by customs?

　　

　　The key to avoiding international express delivery being seized by customs is to understand the customs regulations and relevant laws of the destination country.

　　

　　Before sending, it is necessary to carefully check the type, quantity, value, and origin of the items, and pay customs duties and value-added tax according to regulations.

　　

　　7. What is the delivery time for international express delivery?

　　

　　The delivery time of international express delivery varies depending on the mode of transportation and the destination country.

　　For thrill-seekers and outdoor enthusiasts, capturing every heart-pounding moment is essential. The hawkeye firefly sports camera, renowned for its long battery life, is the ultimate companion for documenting your adventures. This blog post delves into the features and benefits of Hawkeye Firefly sports cameras, emphasizing their exceptional battery performance that ensures you never miss a moment.Before that, hawkeye firefly q6 action camera The market has also soared for a time, which has attracted the attention of a wide range of investors. https://hawkeyecameras.com/

　　

　　Why Choose a Sports Camera with Long Battery Life?

　　

　　Battery life is a critical factor when selecting a sports camera for several reasons:

　　

　　Extended Recording Time: Long battery life allows for continuous recording, ensuring you capture every significant event without frequent interruptions.

　　

　　Reliability in Remote Locations: For adventures in remote areas, a camera with extended battery life provides peace of mind, knowing your camera won¨t run out of power at a crucial moment.

　　

　　Convenience: Fewer battery changes mean you can focus more on your activities and less on managing your camera¨s power supply.

　　

　　Experience Endless Adventures with Hawkeye Firefly: Sports Camera with Long Battery Life(夕1)

　　

　　Hawkeye Firefly Sports Cameras: Features and Benefits

　　

　　1. Superior Battery Performance

　　

　　The Hawkeye Firefly sports camera boasts a high-capacity battery, providing extended recording time, which is ideal for long hikes, mountain biking, and other outdoor activities.

　　

　　2. Efficient Power Management

　　

　　Advanced power management systems optimize battery usage, ensuring the camera operates efficiently for prolonged periods.

　　

　　3. Versatility

　　

　　Whether you¨re diving underwater, skiing down a slope, or exploring rugged terrains, the Hawkeye Firefly sports camera is designed to withstand extreme conditions while delivering outstanding performance.

　　

　　4. High-Quality Footage

　　

　　Capture stunning 4K video and high-resolution images with the Hawkeye Firefly sports camera, ensuring every detail of your adventure is documented in exceptional quality.

　　

　　Experience Endless Adventures with Hawkeye Firefly: Sports Camera with Long Battery Life(夕2)

　　

　　Top Models of Hawkeye Firefly Sports Cameras

　　

　　Hawkeye Firefly 8SE

　　

　　Battery Life: Up to 2 hours of continuous recording in 4K.

　　

　　Key Features: 1200mAh battery, gyro stabilization, waterproof up to 20 meters with a housing, and 4K video recording.

　　

　　Hawkeye Firefly 6S

　　

　　Battery Life: Approximately 90 minutes of recording in 4K.

　　

　　Key Features: 1600mAh battery, Wi-Fi connectivity, wide-angle lens, and 4K video recording.

　　

　　Hawkeye Firefly 8S

　　

　　Battery Life: Around 100 minutes of recording in 4K.

　　

　　Key Features: 1200mAh battery, dual-screen display, EIS stabilization, and 4K video recording.

　　

　　Tips for Maximizing Battery Life

　　

　　Turn Off Unnecessary Features: Disable Wi-Fi, GPS, and other features when not in use to conserve power.

　　

　　Lower Screen Brightness: Reducing the brightness of the camera screen can significantly save battery life.

　　

　　Use Power-Saving Modes: Utilize any power-saving modes offered by the camera to extend recording time.

　　

　　Carry Spare Batteries: Always have fully charged spare batteries to ensure you never miss capturing a moment.

　　

　　Conclusion

　　

　　The Hawkeye Firefly sports camera, with its long battery life and robust features, is the perfect tool for adventurers who demand reliability and performance. By choosing a sports camera with extended battery life, you can document your experiences without interruption, ensuring you capture every thrilling moment. Explore the range of Hawkeye Firefly sports cameras and take your adventures to the next level.

　　As people become more aware of the damaging effects of plastic on the environment, many are looking for ways to reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. One way to do this is by switching to compostable trash bags. These bags are made from 100% plant-based materials and are designed to break down quickly under specific conditions, such as heat and moisture. While they may not be suitable for all types of trash, they can be a great alternative to plastic bags for items like food scraps and yard waste. And, since they break down into organic matter, they are actually good for the environment. So if you¨re looking for ways to reduce your plastic usage, consider switching to compostable trash bags.From some points of view, recycle trash bags It is the core driving force to better promote the rapid development of the surrounding markets. https://biodegradable-gd.com

　　

　　1. How long does it take for biodegradable garbage bags to break down?

　　

　　Biodegradable trash bags are a better eco-friendly alternative because they break down faster than regular trash bags. For example, biodegradable trash bags take about three months to break down in hot conditions, and six months to break down in cooler temperatures with little moisture. However, biodegradable garbage bags are not always eco-friendly and sustainable for our planet.

　　

　　2. Do compostable bags biodegrade on their own?

　　

　　Compostable and biodegradable are often used interchangeably. However, there are major differences between the two. Biodegradable bags are usually still ordinary plastic bags that contain microorganisms to remove plastic particles. These microplastics may take some time to disappear. Compostable bags are made of compostable materials such as corn starch and do not contain harmful substances, making them a more environmentally friendly choice. When choosing between the two, it is important to consider the intended use of the compostable garbage bags.

　　

　　Green Dot Spring has always been committed to environmental protection, adhering to the concept of sustainable development, and has made a lot of contributions to protecting the earth’s environment through continuous innovation and efforts. First of all, we use degradable materials to produce our products and encourage customers to use this environmentally friendly material. Compared with non-degradable materials such as traditional plastics, degradable materials can gradually decompose into non-toxic organic matter in the natural environment and merge with the soil. They will not exist in the environment for a long time like traditional materials, causing a large amount of pollution and garbage. The use of degradable materials can also reduce resource consumption and energy consumption.

　　

　　Secondly, Green Dot Spring implements “green production” to minimize the impact on the environment during the production process. We use efficient energy-saving equipment, optimize production processes, reduce the discharge of wastewater, waste gas and solid waste, and strictly abide by environmental protection regulations and standards to ensure that there is no pollution to the surrounding environment. At the same time, we also actively participate in community and public welfare activities, pay attention to social hot issues, promote environmental awareness and knowledge, and call on more people to join the environmental protection cause and contribute to the earth’s environment together.

　　

　　Finally, Green Dot Spring is also constantly exploring and applying new technologies to improve product quality and production efficiency while reducing the impact on the environment. We believe that in the future development, only by adhering to the concept of environmental protection and promoting environmental protection technology can we achieve the goal of sustainable development.

　　The wireless transceiver module is mainly used for signal transmission to achieve multi-functional purposes such as communication and wireless control. General wireless modules are used in a variety of occasions, and the following mainly introduces three kinds.As can be seen from the new data, radio Module The market influence is also growing, and the product share is also relatively increasing, which has great potential in the future. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　First, used for channel control

　　

　　What is channel control? Channel control is divided into parallel and multi-channel. This kind of control is generally applied to the control of complex remote-controlled robots, and the safety protection control of some places can be controlled and driven by the receiving and sending signals of wireless modules.

　　

　　Second, for the development of wireless communication networks

　　

　　For professionals, the link of wireless communication network needs the application of topological structure, and only with this structure can the application value be realized by using the transceiver system of wireless module. On the one hand, this kind of transmitting and receiving module is cheap, and the cost of forming a star topology is relatively low; On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving module can adopt modular design, which is small in size, convenient to use and easy to integrate. This transmitting and receiving module is very practical for wireless networks with low communication speed and close distance.

　　

　　Third, used for serial data transmission

　　

　　Usually, many control instruments and devices use serial port, and communication with these devices must meet the requirements of serial port, and the transmission rate and electrical characteristics must meet the serial port standard. Some special places, industrial control sites. When it is necessary to use wireless transmission mode, the transmitting and receiving module mentioned in this paper can be naturally selected. However, it must be explained here that in order to adopt this communication method, the corresponding software must be compiled at the transmitter and receiver to realize the file format conversion, so as to achieve the purpose of wireless communication.

　　1. List of questions and alliance answers for operators to deploy NB-IoTin other words Wireless Module It is possible to develop in a good direction, and there are still many places worth looking forward to in the future. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　How is the network architecture of NB-IoT composed?

　　

　　Building vertical industry application of Internet of Things based on NB-IoT technology will tend to be simpler and the division of labor will be clearer.

　　

　　How do domestic and foreign operators divide the frequency bands of NB-IoT?

　　

　　Most operators in the world use the 900MHz frequency band to deploy NB-IoT, and some operators deploy it in the 800MHz frequency band. China Unicom’s NB-IoT is deployed in 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands, and only 900MHz can be tested at present. In order to build the NB-IoT Internet of Things, China Mobile will obtain the FDD license and allow the existing 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands to be re-cultivated. China Telecom’s NB-IoT is deployed in the 800MHz band, with a frequency of only 5MHz.

　　

　　NB-IoT network deployment schedule?

　　

　　In 2016, China Unicom launched NB-IoT field-scale networking tests based on 900MHz and 1800MHz in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, Changsha and Yinchuan), as well as more than six business application demonstrations. In 2018, the commercial deployment of NB-IoT will be fully promoted nationwide. China Mobile plans to start the commercialization of NB-IoT in 2017. China Telecom plans to deploy NB-IoT network in the first half of 2017. Huawei and six operators (China Unicom, China Mobile, Vodafone, Emirates Telecom, Telefonica and Italia Telecom) set up six NB-IoT open laboratories around the world, focusing on NB-IoT business innovation, industry development, interoperability testing and product compatibility verification. ZTE and China Mobile completed the technical verification demonstration of NB-IoT protocol in the laboratory of China Mobile’s 5G Joint Innovation Center.

　　

　　Can non-operators deploy NB-IoT networks?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT need real-name registration system?

　　

　　All needs, tracked to the responsible subject.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT all adopt eSIM?

　　

　　The product features of NB-IoT are that it can work without installation and configuration, and it can be directly connected to the network by booting, and it supports functions such as automatic equipment registration and air upgrade. SIM card and eSIM will coexist for a long time, and operators refuse the soft SIM mode.

　　

　　What is the operator’s plan to quit the 2G/3G network?

　　

　　China Unicom may gradually close its 2G network in 2018, and in some places it may close its 3G network. Japan’s mobile operators have all shut down 2G networks, and AT&T in the United States, Telstra and Optus in Australia have announced plans to shut down 2G networks. Telenor plans to close its 3G network in Norway in 2020, followed by its 2G network in 2025. Some operators consider that there are more than 100 million GPRS IOT terminals and low-end GSM mobile phones for a long time, and the cost of GSM is lower than that of LTE for a long time because of its low complexity and no patent fees. Therefore, most operators will maintain the GSM frequency band to continue their operations for a long time.

　　

　　Do operators support NB-IoT roaming?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　How can operators ensure the stability of NB-IoT network?

　　

　　NB-IoT is directly deployed in GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, which can be reused with existing network base stations to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrade. However, the use of a separate 180KHz frequency band does not occupy the voice and data bandwidth of existing networks, ensuring that traditional services and future Internet of Things services can be carried out stably and reliably at the same time.

　　

　　The control and bearer of NB-IoT are separated, with signaling on the control plane and data on the bearer plane. If it is a low-rate service, it goes directly to the control plane, and no dedicated bearer is established, which omits the signaling process of establishing a link between NAS and the core network and shortens the wake-up recovery delay. NB-IoT is an operational telecommunications network. This is the key to distinguish NB-IoT from GPRS, LoRa, SigFox and other technologies.

　　

　　How can operators make use of NB-IoT network to make profits?

　　

　　Operators’ existing areas such as QoS service quality assurance, network security, telecom-level billing and big data services continue to maintain their industry advantages. NB-IoT network allows operators to strengthen their business service capabilities in the field of Internet of Things, including cloud service provision, mass customer management, real-name authentication of Internet of Things, system general contracting integration, and high-end customized services for large customers.

　　

　　Price issues related to NB-IoT?

　　

　　Operator’s charges: one is based on flow and the other is based on message, and the trend will be lower than the price of GPRS cost chip: lower than the price of 2G main chip, with a reasonable expected price of $1. Module price: lower than the price of GPRS module, with a reasonable expected price of $2. Terminal price: pricing maintenance cost according to actual function: far lower than the existing network maintenance cost subsidy policy: operators will provide larger operating subsidies in the early stage.

　　

　　2. List of questions and answers about NB-IoT technology.

　　

　　Will NB-IoT standard support TDD LTE?

　　

　　At present, FDD LTE system supports NB-IoT technology, while TDD LTE system does not support NB-IoT technology. The physical layer design of NB-IoT mostly follows LTE system technology, such as SC-FDMA for uplink and OFDM for downlink. The design of high-level protocol follows LTE protocol, and its function is enhanced according to its small data packet, low power consumption and large connection characteristics. The core network is connected based on S1 interface, which supports independent deployment and upgrade deployment.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support base station positioning?

　　

　　R13 does not support base station location, but the operator network can do private solutions, such as location based on cell ID, which will not affect the terminal, and only need the network to increase the location server and contact with the base station. R14 plans to enhance positioning, supporting E-CID, UTDOA or OTDOA, and the operator’s desired positioning accuracy target is within 50 meters.

　　

　　Considering the terminal complexity, UTDOA is better, because it has little influence on the terminal, and in the case of enhanced coverage (basement 164dB), UTDOA (uplink) power consumption is lower; If coverage enhancement is not needed in most scenarios, OTDOA (downlink) will be better from the perspective of network capacity.

　　

　　What are the deployment methods of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports three different deployment modes, namely independent deployment, guard band deployment and in-band deployment. Independent deployment: A separate frequency band can be used, which is suitable for re-cultivation in GSM frequency band. Guard band deployment: The marginal useless frequency band in LTE system can be utilized. In-band deployment: Any resource block in the middle of LTE carrier can be utilized.

　　

　　What modulation and demodulation technology does NB-IoT use?

　　

　　OFDMA is used for downlink, and the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. The uplink adopts SC-FDMA, single-tone: 3.75kHz/15kHz, and multi-tone: 15kHz. Only need to support half duplex, with a separate synchronization signal. The terminal supports the indication of Single-tone and Multi-tone capabilities. The MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC layer processing is based on the existing LTE processes and protocols, and the physical layer is optimized.

　　

　　What are the number of connected users and active users of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has 50-100 times the uplink capacity improvement compared with 2G/3G/4G, and NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times the access number compared with the existing wireless technology under the same base station. Under the frequency of 200KHz, according to the simulation test data, a single base station cell can support 50,000 NB-IoT terminals to access.

　　

　　What is the coverage of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has a gain of 20dB higher than that of LTE and GPRS base stations, and it is expected to cover underground garages, basements, underground pipelines and other places where signals are difficult to reach. According to the simulation test data, in the independent deployment mode, the coverage capacity of NB-IoT can reach 164dB, and the in-band deployment and guard band deployment need to be simulated and tested.

　　

　　What is the uplink and downlink transmission rate of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT RF bandwidth is 200kHz. Downlink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250kbps. Uplink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250 kbps (multi-tone)/200 kbps (single-tone).

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support retransmission mechanism?

　　

　　NB-IoT adopts retransmission (up to 200 times) and low-order modulation to enhance coverage.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support voice?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports Push to Talk without coverage enhancement. In the scenario of enhanced coverage of 20dB, only similar voicemails can be supported. NB-IoT does not support VoLTE, which requires too high delay, and the high-level protocol stack needs QoS guarantee, which will increase the cost.

　　

　　Why does the chip of NB-IoT consume low power?

　　

　　The energy consumed by a device is related to the amount or rate of data, and the size of data packets sent per unit time determines the size of power consumption. NB-IoT introduces eDRX power saving technology and PSM power saving mode, which further reduces power consumption and prolongs battery life. NB-IoT can keep devices online all the time, but it can save power by reducing unnecessary signaling and not accepting paging information when in PSM state.

　　

　　In PSM mode, the terminal is still registered in the network, but the signaling is unreachable, which makes the terminal stay in deep sleep for a longer time to save electricity. EDRX power saving technology further prolongs the sleep period of the terminal in idle mode, reduces unnecessary startup of the receiving unit, and greatly improves the downlink accessibility compared with PSM.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT sleep wake-up mode affect battery life?

　　

　　At present, the working time given by NB-IoT is based on simulation data, without considering the battery itself and environmental factors, such as self-discharge and aging of the battery, high and low temperature environmental impact, etc. In actual use, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the power supply time of the battery according to the actual situation. NB-IoT adopts the power-saving scheme of sleep wake-up. When the battery is awakened during sleep, it will receive instantaneous strong current, which will greatly affect the battery life. The application of meter reading usually adopts lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) battery and super capacitor. Consumer electronics and others should be powered by li-polymer.

　　

　　Why are NB-IoT chips cheap?

　　

　　Low speed, low power consumption and low bandwidth bring low cost advantages. Low speed: it means that no large cache is needed, so the cache can be small and the DSP configuration is low; Low power consumption: it means that RF design requirements are low, and small PA can be realized; Low bandwidth: It means that there is no need for complicated equalization algorithm … These factors make the NB-IoT chip small, so the cost will be reduced.

　　

　　Taking a certain chip as an example, NB-IoT chip integrates BB, AP, Flash and battery management, and reserves the function of sensor set. The AP includes three ARM-M0 cores, and each M0 core is responsible for the application, security and communication functions respectively, which facilitates the function management and reduces the cost and power consumption.

　　

　　What is the range of NB-IoT to the device movement rate?

　　

　　NB-IoT is suitable for application scenarios with weak mobility support (such as intelligent meter reading, intelligent parking, etc.), while simplifying the complexity of the terminal and reducing the power consumption of the terminal. NB-IoT does not support mobility management in connected state, including related measurement, measurement report, handover, etc.

　　

　　What is the network delay of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT allows a delay of about 10s, but it can support a lower delay, such as about 6s, in the environment of maximum coupling loss.

　　

　　3. Deployment of NB-IoT technology in various vertical application fields of the Internet of Things.

　　

　　What is the deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application?

　　

　　The deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application field includes hardware cost, network cost, installation cost and service cost. If we want to realize the scale of application field, we must reduce the deployment cost.

　　

　　What is the focus of NB-IoT in vertical application field?

　　

　　NB-IoT technology can meet the requirements of low-rate services with low power consumption, long standby, deep coverage and large capacity, and is more suitable for static services, low sensitivity to time delay, discontinuous movement and real-time data transmission. 1. Autonomous anomaly reporting business types: such as smoke alarm detectors, abnormal equipment operation, etc. The uplink data volume is extremely small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in years and months. 2. Business types of autonomous periodic reporting: such as remote meter reading of public utilities and environmental monitoring, etc. The uplink data volume is small (on the order of 100 bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 3. Service type of remote control instruction:

　　

　　For example, if the equipment is turned on/off remotely, and the equipment triggers to send an uplink report, the downlink data amount is very small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 4. Software remote update service type: such as software patch/update, and the uplink and downlink need a large amount of data (kilobyte level), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours.

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