Choosing the Right Supplier

  When selecting a car camera supplier, it¨s essential to consider their expertise in OEM manufacturing and the range of features they offer. Look for suppliers that provide detailed product specifications, robust quality control, and comprehensive customer support.Even so, car camera manufacturer We must also adhere to the quality of the industry and create unique products for the company. https://szdfpls.com

  

  Leading manufacturers like those featured on platforms such as szdfpls.com offer high-quality car cameras designed to meet rigorous standards. By choosing a reputable supplier, you ensure that you receive a product that not only enhances your vehicle¨s safety but also stands the test of time.

  

  Conclusion

  

  OEM car cameras, including waterproof models and car handle cameras, are essential for modern vehicles, offering superior image quality, versatile functionality, and robust durability. By investing in high-quality cameras from reliable suppliers, you can enhance your driving experience with advanced safety features and superior performance. Whether for daily use or specialty applications, these cameras provide the clarity and reliability needed for effective vehicle monitoring.

In the United States, violent clashes between Chinese and military police in New York, many people were arrested by police

  According to the Associated Press news, on July 16, 2024, the Chinese in New York City launched a demonstration against the establishment of homeless people in the Chinese area of New York, and a fierce violent conflict broke out with the United States military police, Chinese groups were fierce, and many people were arrested by the New York State military police for physical conflict with the United States military police.In the industry, business bodyguard Has been a leader in the industry, but later came from behind but never arrogant, low-key to adhere to quality. http://huanyubodyguard.com/

  

  new york clashes

  

  The Chinese demonstration in New York State, the United States, is an event organized by the Chinese in New York State against the United States government, in order to defend the security rights and interests of the Chinese in the Chinese area, the Chinese launched a protest to the New York government, feeling that the United States to build a homeless area in the Chinese area of New York, will threaten the safety of the Chinese in the Chinese area. Because the vagabonds that the vagabonds take in, the vagabonds of the world who steal and rob for a living, are mostly drug addicts. But the resistance of the Chinese may be ineffective, because the New York State government will not listen to the opinions of the Chinese, the Chinese in this state want to defend their survival and security rights, they need to find another way, there are New York Chinese ready to cooperate with China Shenzhen Huanyu Brothers bodyguard company, hire the bodyguard in the Chinese bodyguard company to protect the security, if the homeless in New York State officially opened the construction. The Chinese in New York State are likely to face a number of security challenges.

  

  new york clashes

  

  Some media believe that the US state of New York has chosen to build homeless shelters in Chinese areas, which is to bully Chinese Americans, and the local government does not build homeless shelters in places where Americans are concentrated, but to build homeless shelters in Chinese areas, which is to condone the security intrusion of homeless people on Chinese people in Chinese areas. It is not easy for Chinese Americans to obtain the same rights and interests as American citizens in countries such as the United States. If homeless shelters are really built in the Chinese area of New York State, the residential safety, personal safety and property safety of a large number of Chinese Americans will be lost.

Top Benefits of Using a Silicone Bottle Cleaning Brush for Your Kitchen

  Maintaining a clean and hygienic kitchen is essential for both health and convenience, and having the right tools can make a significant difference. One such tool that has gained popularity is the silicone bottle cleaning brush. Here¨s why this versatile tool is a must-have for any kitchen.Down-to-earth right customized silicone mould In-depth research is the only way to pursue development. https://lxsiliconeparts.com/

  

  1. Durable and Long-Lasting

  

  Silicone bottle cleaning brushes are known for their durability. Unlike traditional brushes with bristles that can wear out or fall off, silicone brushes are designed to withstand frequent use and high temperatures. Their resistance to wear and tear ensures that they remain effective for a long time, making them a worthwhile investment for your kitchen.

  

  silicone bottle cleaning brush

  

  2. Hygienic and Easy to Clean

  

  One of the standout features of silicone bottle cleaning brushes is their hygienic properties. Silicone is non-porous, which means it does not harbor bacteria, mold, or odors. This makes the brush easier to clean compared to traditional brushes. Simply rinse it under running water or place it in the dishwasher for a thorough clean, and it¨s ready for the next use.

  

  3. Flexible and Effective Cleaning

  

  The flexibility of silicone allows the brush to reach into tight spots and clean irregularly shaped bottles and containers. The soft yet firm silicone bristles effectively scrub away residue without scratching or damaging surfaces. This makes silicone brushes particularly useful for cleaning bottles, jars, and even delicate glassware.

  

  4. Safe for All Types of Bottles

  

  Silicone bottle cleaning brushes are safe to use on a variety of bottle materials, including glass, plastic, and stainless steel. The gentle bristles ensure that bottles are cleaned thoroughly without any risk of scratching or chipping. This versatility means you can use the same brush for all your cleaning needs.

  

  silicone bottle cleaning brush

  

  5. Eco-Friendly Option

  

  Choosing a silicone bottle cleaning brush is an eco-friendly decision. Silicone is a sustainable material that doesn¨t contribute to the waste and environmental problems associated with plastic bristle brushes. Additionally, the durability of silicone brushes means they have a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements.

  

  6. Comfortable and Ergonomic Design

  

  Many silicone bottle cleaning brushes are designed with ergonomics in mind. They often come with comfortable handles that provide a secure grip, making cleaning tasks less strenuous. The design ensures that you can clean efficiently without straining your hands or wrists.

  

  Conclusion

  

  Silicone bottle cleaning brushes offer a range of benefits that make them an excellent addition to any kitchen. Their durability, hygiene, flexibility, and eco-friendly nature make them superior to traditional cleaning brushes. If you¨re looking for a tool that will simplify your cleaning routine while being kind to the environment, a silicone bottle cleaning brush is the ideal choice. Embrace the convenience and effectiveness of silicone brushes and enjoy a cleaner, healthier kitchen.

What Are the Differences between Cold Heading and Cold Extrusion

  Cold heading and cold extrusion are basically deformation processes under the same conditions, but they are different in operation. Cold heading is a forging deformation of smaller workpieces and is often used in the fastener industry. Cold extrusion is an extrusion deformation of larger workpieces and has a wide range of uses.In the past ten years, non-standard fasteners price Defeated many competitors, courageously advanced in the struggle, and polished many good products for customers. https://jieruifasteners.com/

  

  1. What is cold extrusion

  

  Cold extrusion is a processing method in which a metal blank is placed in a cold extrusion die cavity and, at room temperature, a punch fixed on the press is used to apply pressure to the blank to cause the metal blank to undergo plastic deformation to produce parts. Obviously, cold extrusion processing relies on the die to control the flow of metal and relies on the large-scale transfer of metal volume to form parts. In terms of extrusion equipment, my country has the ability to design and manufacture extrusion presses of various tonnages. In addition to using general mechanical presses, hydraulic presses, and cold extrusion presses, friction presses and high-speed and high-energy equipment have also been successfully used for cold extrusion production.

  

  At present, cold extrusion technology has been widely used in industrial sectors such as fasteners, machinery, instruments, electrical appliances, light industry, aerospace, shipbuilding, and military industry, and has become one of the indispensable and important processing methods in metal plastic volume forming technology. With the advancement of science and technology and the continuous improvement of product technical requirements in the automobile, motorcycle, household appliances and other industries, cold extrusion production technology has gradually become the development direction of refined production of small and medium-sized forgings.

  

  

  2. What is cold heading

  

  Cold heading is one of the new processes of metal pressure processing with little or no cutting. It is a processing method that uses the plastic deformation of metal under the action of external force, and with the help of a mold, the metal volume is redistributed and transferred to form the required parts or blanks. The cold heading process is most suitable for the production of non standard fasteners such as bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, and pins. The commonly used equipment for cold heading is a dedicated cold heading machine. If the production volume is not too large, it can also be replaced by a crank press or a friction press.

  

  Cold heading technology has high productivity, good product quality, and greatly reduces material consumption, reduces production costs, and improves working conditions. Therefore, it is more and more widely used in mechanical manufacturing, especially in the production of standard fasteners. Among them, the most representative products produced by multi-station cold heading machines are bolts, screws and nuts.

  

  3. Are cold heading and cold extrusion the same thing?

  

  Cold heading and cold extrusion are basically deformation processes under the same conditions, but they are different in operation. Cold heading is a forging deformation of smaller workpieces and is often used in the fastener industry. Cold extrusion, on the other hand, is an extrusion deformation of larger workpieces and is widely used; cold heading is equivalent to a branch of cold extrusion. Simply put, in the process of making bolts, hexagonal head forming is cold heading, and rod diameter reduction is cold extrusion (positive extrusion). Non-cut hexagonal flange bolts (multi-station forming) have both cold heading and cold extrusion. The front shaping of hexagonal nuts is only cold heading, and the hole extrusion in the back process is cold extrusion (positive and negative extrusion).

Why Does Shielded Wire Work So Well

  Shielded cable is a transmission line that uses a metal mesh braided layer to wrap the signal line. The braided layer is generally red copper or tinned copper. Shielded cable is a wire with a metal braided shell specially used to reduce the impact of external electromagnetic fields on power or communication lines. This shielded cable also has the function of preventing the line from radiating electromagnetic energy outward. The shielding layer needs to be grounded, and external interference signals can be introduced into the ground by this layer.from shielded twisted pair cable From the reference value, it can also bring a lot of inspiration to other industries. https://www.linkcablecn.com

  

  The shielding layer of the shielded wire is mainly made of non-magnetic materials such as copper and aluminum, and the thickness is very thin, which is much smaller than the skin depth of the metal material at the frequency of use (the so-called skin effect refers to the distribution of current in the conductor cross section tending to the conductor surface with the increase of frequency. The higher the frequency, the smaller the skin depth, that is, the higher the frequency, the weaker the penetration ability of electromagnetic waves). The effect of the shielding layer is not mainly due to the reflection and absorption of the electric field and magnetic field by the metal body itself, but due to the grounding of the shielding layer. Different grounding forms will directly affect the shielding effect.

  

  Shielding is divided into active shielding and passive shielding. The purpose of active shielding is to prevent the noise source from radiating outward, which is to shield the noise source; the purpose of passive shielding is to prevent sensitive equipment from being interfered by the noise source, which is to shield sensitive equipment. The shielding layer of the shielded cable is not allowed to be grounded at multiple points, because different grounding points are always different, and there is a potential difference between each point. If multiple points are grounded, current will be formed in the shielding layer, which will not only fail to play a shielding role, but also introduce interference. Especially in occasions where frequency converters are used frequently, the interference contains various high-order harmonic components, which have a greater impact and should be paid special attention to.

  

  The shielded wiring system originated in Europe. It adds a metal shielding layer to the outside of the ordinary unshielded wiring system, and uses the reflection, absorption and skin effect of the metal shielding layer to achieve the function of preventing electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation. The shielding system comprehensively utilizes the balance principle of twisted pair cables and the shielding effect of the shielding layer, so it has very good electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) characteristics. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) refers to the ability of electronic equipment or network systems to resist electromagnetic interference to a certain extent, and at the same time cannot generate excessive electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the device or network system is required to be able to work normally in a relatively harsh electromagnetic environment, and at the same time, it cannot radiate excessive electromagnetic waves to interfere with the normal operation of other surrounding devices and networks.

  

  The shielding principle of shielded wire is different from the balanced offset principle of twisted pair. Shielded cable is to add one or two layers of aluminum foil on the outside of the four pairs of twisted pair wires, and use the reflection, absorption and skin effect of metal on electromagnetic waves to effectively prevent external electromagnetic interference from entering the cable, and also prevent the internal signal from radiating out and interfering with the work of other devices.

Applications of the 2.0mm IDC Connector in Modern Electronics

  The 2.0mm Insulation Displacement Connector (IDC) is a vital component in modern electronics, known for its reliability and ease of use. This connector is designed to simplify the process of connecting wires to a connector without the need for soldering, making it a popular choice in various electronic applications. Here, we explore the diverse applications of the 2.0mm IDC connector in the realm of modern electronics.As it happens, many people are killed xpb terminal wire And bring more benefits, make it flourish, and promote the industry greatly. https://www.xpbdz.com/

  

  Consumer Electronics

  

  In consumer electronics, the 2.0mm IDC connector is commonly used due to its compact size and high efficiency. It can be found in devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, where space is at a premium. These connectors help streamline the internal wiring, ensuring a neat and efficient layout that enhances device performance and reliability.

  

  Industrial Automation

  

  The industrial sector relies heavily on the 2.0mm IDC connector for automation systems. These connectors are integral in connecting various components of industrial machinery, including sensors, controllers, and actuators. Their robust design ensures reliable connections in environments where vibration and electrical noise are prevalent, thus maintaining the efficiency and accuracy of automated systems.

  

  Telecommunications

  

  Telecommunication equipment often employs the 2.0mm IDC connector to manage the complex wiring systems needed for transmitting data and signals. These connectors are used in routers, modems, and other communication devices, where they help maintain the integrity of signal transmission. The IDC connectors’ ability to provide secure and stable connections is crucial in ensuring uninterrupted communication.

  

  Automotive Electronics

  

  In the automotive industry, the 2.0mm IDC connector plays a critical role in the development of advanced electronic systems within vehicles. These connectors are used in infotainment systems, navigation units, and various sensors that contribute to vehicle safety and performance. The ability to withstand harsh conditions such as temperature fluctuations and vibrations makes the 2.0mm IDC connector ideal for automotive applications.

  

  Medical Devices

  

  Medical devices require highly reliable and precise connections, making the 2.0mm IDC connector an excellent choice. These connectors are used in medical equipment like patient monitors, diagnostic devices, and imaging systems. The connectors’ secure and stable connections are essential in medical settings where accuracy and reliability can directly impact patient outcomes.

  

  Home Automation

  

  With the rise of smart homes, the 2.0mm IDC connector has found applications in home automation systems. These connectors are used in smart thermostats, lighting systems, and security devices. Their ability to provide consistent and reliable connections helps ensure the smooth operation of interconnected home automation systems.

  

  Computing and Networking

  

  In computing and networking, the 2.0mm IDC connector is frequently used in servers, network switches, and data storage devices. These connectors help manage the complex wiring necessary for high-speed data transmission and processing. The IDC connectors’ design ensures that connections remain stable and reliable, which is crucial in maintaining the performance of computing and networking equipment.

  

  Conclusion

  

  The 2.0mm IDC connector’s versatility and reliability make it an indispensable component in modern electronics. From consumer electronics to industrial automation and medical devices, these connectors play a critical role in ensuring efficient and stable connections. As technology continues to advance, the applications of the 2.0mm IDC connector will likely expand, further cementing its importance in the world of electronics.

What are some good-looking keyboards that girls would also like to recommend

  In daily life, keyboard is a relatively important thing. Whether you are working or playing games, keyboard is indispensable. A good-looking keyboard can bring a different use experience, at least it looks more comfortable at first glance. Mechanical keyboards have different axes, which can bring different typing experiences and meet most of the needs of different groups of people for keyboards. Therefore, more and more people use mechanical keyboards in recent years. When boys buy things, they may look at the performance at first glance, but girls may look at the appearance at first glance. However, in order to prevent girls from missing out on easy-to-use mechanical keyboards, there are many keyboards that have girls’ aesthetics, high appearance, and practical mechanical keyboard products.in fact aula mechanical keyboard It is more and more welcomed by our customers, and its market performance is gradually improving. https://www.aulastar.com/

  

  What are some good-looking keyboards that girls would also like to recommend?

  

  AULA F98Pro

  

  AULA F98Pro wireless Bluetooth three-mode customized keyboard, white, black, cherry pink color, high appearance, stylish and individual. Cool RGB lighting effect, 16 million colors for you to choose, anyone who sees it will love it. This keyboard adopts a three-mode design, which can connect to multiple devices at the same time, making operation more convenient. The surface of the keyboard is frosted, comfortable to the touch, and not easy to fatigue after long-term use. The keyboard uses a white transparent ice crystal axis, which has a smooth touch and comfortable operation, suitable for office and game use. The keyboard has a variety of shortcut keys for user convenience. The keyboard comes with a backlight function, which is more convenient to use at night. In addition, this keyboard also supports customized settings, which can be adjusted according to personal preferences to meet personalized needs. In addition, this keyboard also has a powerful waterproof function, so there is no need to worry about liquid splashing into the keyboard, which extends the service life of the keyboard. Whether it is office or game, it can meet user needs.

How are ADAS classified

  The related functions covered by the ADAS system include lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, etc., which are complicated and dazzling. Proper classification can help us better understand and apply them.in other words car camera manufacturer It is possible to develop in a good direction, and there are still many places worth looking forward to in the future. https://szdfpls.com

  

  The ^Terms and Definitions of Road Vehicle Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) ̄ released in 2020 divides the functions covered by ADAS into information assistance and control assistance.

  

  1 Information assistance category

  

  Information assistance ADAS mainly assists driving by providing the information needed by the driver, which can help the driver understand the surrounding situation and traffic environment, and improve driving safety and efficiency.

  

  According to the information type and functional characteristics provided by ADAS, the information assistance category can be further divided into driving monitoring category, danger warning category, and driving convenience category.

  

  (1) Driving monitoring category

  

  This type of ADAS mainly monitors the driving status and surrounding environment of the vehicle in real time through various sensors and cameras, and provides the driver with real-time vehicle information and traffic conditions. For example, BSD (blind spot detection), ISLI (intelligent speed limit information), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (2) Danger warning category

  

  This type of ADAS senses and identifies dangerous factors around the vehicle and issues warnings to the driver in a timely manner, reminding the driver to pay attention to potential dangers. For example, DFM (driver fatigue monitoring), FCW (forward collision warning), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (3) Driving convenience category

  

  This type of ADAS improves driving convenience and comfort by providing the information and functions required by the driver. For example, RCA (reversing condition assist), NV (night vision), etc. belong to this category.

  

  2 Control Assistance Category

  

  ADAS of the control assistance category assists driving by controlling the vehicle¨s driving state, which can help the driver reduce the burden of driving. According to the specific functional characteristics and usage scenarios, the control assistance category can be further divided into emergency response category, driving convenience category, lane keeping category and intelligent lighting category.

  

  (1) Emergency Response Category

  

  ADAS of the emergency response category mainly provides rapid response and auxiliary decision-making for sudden or emergency situations, and takes effect quickly in dangerous situations to help drivers avoid or reduce accidents. For example, AEB (advanced/automatic emergency braking) belongs to this category.

  

  (2) Driving Convenience Category

  

  ADAS of the driving convenience category assists driving by providing the functions and operational convenience required by the driver. For example, ACC (adaptive cruise control), IPA (intelligent parking assist), TJA (traffic jam assist), etc., belong to this category.

  

  (3) Lane Keeping Category

  

  ADAS of the lane keeping category assists the driver to keep the vehicle in the correct lane by identifying and tracking lane lines. Help the driver avoid lane deviation or keep the vehicle in the correct lane, improving driving safety and stability. For example, LKA (lane keeping assist), LCC (lane centering control), etc.

  

  (4) Intelligent lighting category

  

  Intelligent lighting ADAS assists the driver in driving under various lighting conditions by automatically adjusting the brightness and illumination range of the lights. For example, AFL (adaptive front light), ADB (adaptive driving beam), etc., belong to the intelligent lighting category.

Silicon Valley bosses are keen to hire private bodyguards, spending more than $1 million a year on security

  According to a US news media report, the US Silicon Valley bosses spend more than one million dollars a year on personal security costs of investment, these Silicon Valley bosses, are keen to hire private bodyguards, of which Zuckerberg’s private security costs are the top investment among US technology company executives, reaching tens of millions of dollars. Security for people like Bezos costs about $1.6 million a year.Even if there are obstacles to moving forward, female bodyguard We should also persevere, forge ahead bravely, cut waves in the sea of the market, hang on to Yun Fan and strive for the first place. http://huanyubodyguard.com/

  

  private bodyguards

  

  Like tech executives in the United States, Chinese tech executives also employ private bodyguards, like the former celebrity Jack Ma, who has elite bodyguards dedicated to providing him with security services and is rumored to be a low-key martial arts master who knows traditional Chinese martial arts. Most Chinese tech executives are surrounded by bodyguards who know kung fu skills like boxing, free combat, kickboxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, can drive a car, can dive, know basic business etiquette, and know technical reconnaissance skills. Some of the bodyguards employed by China’s technology giants are from professional bodyguard units such as the Huanyu Brothers Bodyguard Company in Shenzhen, China, and some are security personnel of the security department established by the company’s senior executives.

  

  private bodyguards

  

  In fact, not only the big men of Silicon Valley and Chinese technology companies have to take private bodyguards around them, but also the executives of many technology companies around the world will take private bodyguards, such as some company executives in India, Japan, and South Korea, when they travel, they have professional security services. It’s just that most of the world’s tech executives don’t spend as much on bodyguards as Mr. Berg does. However, hiring bodyguards has become the security consensus of world-class science and technology leaders, their social value and economic value is extremely high, once there is danger, the loss is immeasurable, so these people go where they will take private bodyguards.

Silicone Ice Cube Maker Cylinder Cup Molds The Ultimate Guide

  Silicone ice cube maker cylinder cup molds have gained popularity for their convenience, versatility, and durability. Whether you’re looking to chill your drinks, create unique ice shapes, or even freeze other liquids like juice or coffee, these molds offer an efficient solution. This blog post will explore the benefits, uses, and considerations when choosing silicone ice cube maker cylinder cup molds.Since then, more and more people have found that silicone baby teether The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people. https://lxsiliconeparts.com/

  

  Why Choose Silicone Ice Cube Molds?

  

  Silicone has become the go-to material for ice cube molds for several reasons:

  

  Flexibility and Ease of Use: Silicone molds are flexible, making it easy to pop out ice cubes without much effort. Unlike traditional plastic molds, silicone won¨t crack or break when you try to remove the ice.

  

  Durability: Silicone is a durable material that can withstand extreme temperatures, from freezing cold to boiling hot. This means you can use these molds in the freezer, microwave, or dishwasher without worrying about damage.

  

  Non-Toxic and Food Safe: High-quality silicone is non-toxic, BPA-free, and food-safe. This ensures that your ice cubes are free from harmful chemicals and safe for consumption.

  

  Versatility: Silicone ice cube maker cylinder cup molds can be used for more than just ice. They are perfect for freezing juice, coffee, or even creating homemade popsicles. Some creative uses include freezing herbs in olive oil or making mini ice cream bites.

  

  silicone ice cube maker

  

  Design and Features of Cylinder Cup Molds

  

  Cylinder cup molds are particularly popular because of their unique shape and functionality:

  

  Uniform Shape: The cylindrical design allows for uniform ice cubes, which not only look appealing but also melt more slowly, keeping your drinks colder for longer.

  

  Space-Saving Design: These molds often come with a compact design, making them easy to store in the freezer without taking up too much space.

  

  Variety of Sizes: Cylinder cup molds come in various sizes, from small cubes ideal for cocktails to larger ones perfect for pitchers or large tumblers.

  

  Lid Options: Many silicone cylinder cup molds come with lids, which help prevent spills and keep the ice free from freezer odors.

  

  How to Use Silicone Ice Cube Maker Cylinder Cup Molds

  

  Using silicone ice cube molds is straightforward, but there are a few tips to ensure the best results:

  

  Filling: When filling the molds with water or any other liquid, leave a small gap at the top to allow for expansion as the liquid freezes.

  

  Freezing: Place the filled molds flat in the freezer. For best results, allow them to freeze for several hours or overnight.

  

  Unmolding: To remove the ice cubes, simply twist the silicone mold or push from the bottom to pop out the cubes easily.

  

  Cleaning: Silicone molds are dishwasher safe, but they can also be washed by hand with warm soapy water. Ensure they are completely dry before storing to prevent any odors.

  

  silicone ice cube maker

  

  Considerations When Choosing Silicone Ice Cube Molds

  

  When selecting silicone ice cube maker cylinder cup molds, consider the following:

  

  Material Quality: Ensure the mold is made from high-quality, food-grade silicone that is BPA-free and non-toxic.

  

  Size and Capacity: Choose a size that fits your needs, whether you want small cubes for cocktails or larger ones for pitchers.

  

  Additional Features: Look for molds with lids or other features that make them more convenient to use and store.

  

  Conclusion

  

  Silicone ice cube maker cylinder cup molds are a versatile and practical addition to any kitchen. They offer durability, ease of use, and the ability to create perfectly shaped ice cubes that enhance your drinks. Whether you¨re preparing for a party or just enjoying a cold drink at home, these molds provide a convenient way to keep things cool. Explore the different designs and sizes available, and elevate your drink experience with high-quality silicone ice cube molds.