Monthly Archives: November 2024

　　When selecting a car camera supplier, it¨s essential to consider their expertise in OEM manufacturing and the range of features they offer. Look for suppliers that provide detailed product specifications, robust quality control, and comprehensive customer support.We have every reason to believe. 360 panoramic camera factory It will become the mainstream of the industry and will gradually affect more and more people. https://szdfpls.com

　　Leading manufacturers like those featured on platforms such as szdfpls.com offer high-quality car cameras designed to meet rigorous standards. By choosing a reputable supplier, you ensure that you receive a product that not only enhances your vehicle¨s safety but also stands the test of time.

　　Conclusion

　　OEM car cameras, including waterproof models and car handle cameras, are essential for modern vehicles, offering superior image quality, versatile functionality, and robust durability. By investing in high-quality cameras from reliable suppliers, you can enhance your driving experience with advanced safety features and superior performance. Whether for daily use or specialty applications, these cameras provide the clarity and reliability needed for effective vehicle monitoring.

　　As postgraduate entrance exams approach, students are constantly on the lookout for tools that can streamline their preparation and enhance their study efficiency. One such tool that has gained popularity is the tablet. But is buying a tablet truly beneficial for your exam preparation? In this article, we¨ll delve into how a tablet can aid in your studies, the factors to consider when choosing one, and where to find the best deals.Therefore, this is the choice waterproof android tablet The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://txsongseng.com

　　Benefits of Using a Tablet for Exam Preparation

　　1. Portability and Flexibility

　　One of the primary advantages of using a tablet for exam preparation is its portability. Unlike traditional study materials, a tablet allows you to carry all your study resources in one compact device. This flexibility means you can study anywhere！whether you’re commuting, in a caf└, or lounging at home. The ability to access digital notes, e-books, and practice tests on-the-go ensures that you can make the most of your available study time.

　　2. Access to Educational Apps

　　Tablets are compatible with a wide range of educational applications designed to aid exam preparation. From interactive quizzes to comprehensive study guides, these apps provide valuable resources that can enhance your learning experience. Many apps are designed specifically for postgraduate entrance exams, offering tailored content that aligns with your syllabus and study goals.

　　3. Efficient Organization

　　Tablets can significantly improve the organization of your study materials. Digital note-taking apps and cloud storage options enable you to keep all your notes, schedules, and study plans in one place. This eliminates the clutter of physical papers and allows for easy retrieval and management of your study resources.

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　　Choosing the Right Tablet

　　When considering a tablet for your exam preparation, it¨s important to choose one that meets your specific needs. Here are some key factors to consider:

　　1. Operating System

　　The choice between Android and iOS tablets largely depends on your personal preferences and the applications you intend to use. Android tablets are often favored for their affordability and wide range of available apps. Many students find that Android tablets offer excellent value for money and a broad selection of educational tools.

　　2. Tablet Manufacturing Companies

　　Selecting a tablet from a reputable tablet manufacturing company can ensure you get a reliable and high-quality device. Leading manufacturers are known for their durable products and reliable customer support, which can be crucial during your exam preparation period.

　　3. Custom Tablet Manufacturers

　　For a more personalized experience, consider custom tablet manufacturers. These companies offer tailored solutions that can be configured to meet your specific requirements. Whether you need a tablet with extra storage, enhanced performance, or unique features, custom manufacturers can provide options that cater to your individual study needs.

　　To maximize your investment, look for Android tablet sales and promotions. Many retailers offer discounts on tablets, especially during back-to-school seasons or major sales events. Keeping an eye out for these deals can help you find a high-quality tablet at a more affordable price.

　　In conclusion, buying a tablet can offer significant benefits for postgraduate entrance exam preparation. With its portability, access to educational apps, and efficient organization features, a tablet can be a valuable addition to your study arsenal. By selecting a device from a reputable tablet manufacturing company and exploring options from custom tablet manufacturers, you can find a tablet that best suits your needs. Be sure to check for Android tablet sales to secure the best deal on your purchase. Investing in the right tablet could make a substantial difference in your exam preparation and overall success.

　　Silicone rubber keyboards are known for their durability, flexibility, and resistance to dust and moisture, making them a popular choice for various applications. However, despite their advantages, users can encounter issues that may affect their performance. Understanding and troubleshooting these common problems can help maintain your keyboard¨s functionality and longevity. Here¨s a guide to addressing typical issues with silicone rubber keyboards and their solutions:After that, silicone rubber keyboard Not afraid of the future, dare to fight and fight, and won applause again and again in the market. https://singway-touch.com/

　　silicone rubber keyboards

　　Silicone Rubber

　　1. Key Response Issues

　　Problem: Keys may feel unresponsive or require extra force to register a keystroke, affecting typing efficiency.

　　Solution:

　　Check for Obstructions: Ensure there are no debris or foreign particles beneath the keys. Use a soft brush or compressed air to clean the keyboard surface and remove any trapped dirt.

　　Inspect the Key Mechanism: Silicone rubber keyboards rely on a membrane mechanism. If a key is stuck or unresponsive, gently press around the key area to ensure the silicone is not misaligned or jammed.

　　Test Key Functionality: Connect the keyboard to a different device to rule out potential issues with the computer¨s settings or drivers.

　　2. Sticky or Jammed Keys

　　Problem: Keys may become sticky or jammed, making typing difficult and frustrating.

　　Solution:

　　Clean Regularly: Regular cleaning is crucial for maintaining keyboard performance. Wipe down the keyboard with a damp cloth or mild cleaning solution. Avoid using harsh chemicals that could damage the silicone.

　　Check for Residue: Sticky residues from food or drinks can cause keys to jam. If a key is stuck, gently clean around it to remove any residue. Allow the keyboard to dry completely before use.

　　3. Visibility and Backlighting Issues

　　Problem: Some silicone rubber keyboards come with backlighting or illuminated keys, which may become dim or uneven over time.

　　Solution:

　　Adjust Brightness Settings: If your keyboard has adjustable backlighting, ensure it is set to the desired brightness level. Refer to the user manual for instructions on how to adjust these settings.

　　Inspect for Damage: Check the keyboard for any visible damage to the backlight components. If backlighting is uneven or malfunctioning, it may require professional repair or replacement.

　　4. Water Damage

　　Problem: Although silicone rubber keyboards are resistant to moisture, excessive exposure to water can still cause issues.

　　Solution:

　　Dry Thoroughly: If the keyboard gets wet, disconnect it immediately and allow it to dry completely in a well-ventilated area. Avoid using a hairdryer or applying direct heat, as this can damage the silicone.

　　Check for Functionality: Once the keyboard is dry, test all keys to ensure they are functioning correctly. If the keyboard does not work after drying, it may require professional inspection or repair.

The first factor of metal medals is the style and style of medal design. According to professional reports, customized award There will be a great period of growth, and the market business is constantly expanding, and it will definitely become bigger and bigger in the future. https://www.karonmetal.com

　　1. The style of medal design

　　The first factor of metal medals is the style and style of medal design. The shape should be special and not vulgar, which is a rare type on the market.

　　2. The material of medal production

　　From the current needs of users of medal production, it is obvious that bronze medals and stainless steel medals can no longer meet the high-end needs of customers. The choice of medal material determines whether the medal is high-end.

　　3. The process of medal production

　　In the medal production industry, the production process and production process used to make the medal will make the medal show its original medal value orientation in terms of high-end and uniqueness.

　　4. The primary and secondary distinction of medals

　　In the production of custom metal medals, it is necessary to determine the primary and secondary of the style and style of the medal, the content and text, and the award-giving and winning needs.

　　5. The font standard of the medal

　　Many medals claim to be high-end medals, but the fonts in the medals will not be selected. What font is set for the main title of the medal and what font is set for the text, they have no idea. All commonly used fonts need to be understood.

　　award metals.jpg

　　custom award medals.jpg

　　customizable medals.jpg

　　personalized medals.jpg

　　6. Correct content of medals

　　When advanced unit medals and civilized unit medals are often required to be high-end, the most easily overlooked thing is the comparison of medal content. When making a medal, it is very important to compare and check the content of the medal.

　　7. Perfect details of medals

　　In the daily production of metal medals, there will be many details to be carefully improved. In addition to the main big things, it is also necessary to strengthen the attention to local details. For example, what style of medal wooden tray and what kind of medal back plate to match it should not be underestimated.

　　8. Clean layout of medals

　　I believe no one will like the colorful medal layout. Clean here does not mean dirty, but mainly refers to chaos and disorder.

　　9. The price of medal production

　　One cent for one product has always been the value law of any industry and any commodity. It is now difficult to obtain high-end products at a very low price.

　　10. The medal is beautifully packaged

　　The packaging of metal medals is like our attire and clothing. The color matching is natural and elegant. The outer packaging of metal medals is matched. Whether to use ordinary paper boxes or high-end wooden brocade boxes is very particular. The packaging depends entirely on the high-end and authoritative nature of the recipient of the medal.

　　In today’s globalized world, sending large items across borders has become a daily need for many people, whether it is moving, studying abroad or cross-border e-commerce. However, facing the high international express delivery costs, especially the shipping costs of large items, people are often discouraged.After that, sourching agent Not afraid of the future, dare to fight and fight, and won applause again and again in the market. https://flyportt.com/

　　Don’t worry, today we will talk about the money-saving strategy for sending large items by international express, so that your wallet will no longer be “hurt”!

　　>. Clarify your needs and choose the right channel

　　1. International air transport: flexible but with restrictions

　　Although international air transport is fast, not all options are suitable for large items. Postal parcels and international special lines are basically excluded due to weight restrictions. Although international EMS can theoretically deliver up to 30kg, the delivery time is unstable and the cost increases with weight. Commercial express (such as DHL, UPS, etc.) has no weight limit, but there will be an overweight surcharge for more than 60kg, and the volume weight calculation is not favorable for large items. If the quantity of goods is large and there are requirements for delivery time, air delivery is a good choice, with relatively affordable prices and stable delivery time.

　　save money

　　2. International shipping: cost-effective choice

　　For large items, sea shipping is undoubtedly the most cost-effective option. Although it takes a long time (usually more than 25 days), the freight is much lower than air shipping, which is especially suitable for situations where you are not in a hurry to receive the goods. However, please note that some countries may not be able to ship by sea, so you need to consult and confirm in advance.

　　save money

　　3. European Railway Transport (China-Europe Express): Stable and Economical

　　If your destination is Europe or the Middle East, China-Europe Express is a good choice. It is not only cheap, but also relatively stable in terms of logistics time. Although the overall time is relatively long (20-35 days), it is suitable for goods that have a certain tolerance for time.

　　save money

　　4. Truck transport (China-Europe truck transport): a balance between speed and economy

　　As an emerging mode of transport, China-Europe truck transport stands out for its speed close to air transport and price far lower than air transport. The average delivery time of 15 to 25 days, coupled with the price being only about 60% of air transport, makes it the best option in some scenarios. It is especially suitable for customers who have certain requirements for timeliness but want to save costs.

　　>. Reasonable packaging to reduce volume weight

　　Large items are often accompanied by high volume weight charges, so reasonable packaging is crucial.

　　Using lightweight materials such as bubble film and foam board instead of heavy cartons can effectively reduce volume weight and thus reduce freight. At the same time, try to place items compactly and reduce gaps to achieve the same effect.

　　save money

　　>. Take advantage of discounts and offers

　　Many international express delivery companies will regularly launch discounts or membership offers. Paying attention to this information and placing orders at the right time can further save on shipping costs.

　　In addition, if you cooperate with reliable logistics agents, they can often get more favorable prices and provide professional packaging and customs declaration services, making your mailing process more worry-free and labor-saving.

　　As interconnect technologies, InfiniBand and Ethernet are different, and it is difficult to say which one is better. They continue to develop in different application fields and become two indispensable interconnect technologies in the network world.in fact 400g qsfp-dd Our related products were once praised by users, which is the best self-affirmation of the products. https://www.3coptics.com/

　　InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: What are they?

　　InfiniBand Networking

　　From a design perspective, there are big differences between InfiniBand and Ethernet. As a network interconnection technology, InfiniBand is widely used in supercomputer clusters due to its high reliability, low latency, and high bandwidth. In addition, with the development of high-performance computing, InfiniBand has also become an ideal choice for GPU server network interconnection technology.

　　To achieve the original data transmission rate of 10Gbit/s on 4X cables, the InfiniBand standard allows the transmission of single data rate (SDR) signals at a basic rate of 2.5Gbit/s on each channel. A single channel can be expanded to 5Gbit/s and 10Gbit/s respectively, and the maximum data transmission rate is 40Gbit/s on 4X cables and 120Gbit/s on 12X cables, thus enabling InfiniBand networks to have double data rate (DDR) and quadruple data rate (QDR) signals.

　　InfiniBand

　　Ethernet Network

　　Since its introduction on September 30, 1980, the Ethernet standard has become a widely used communication protocol in local area networks. Unlike InfiniBand, Ethernet was designed with the following goals in mind: How to easily transmit information between multiple systems? It is a typical network designed for distribution and compatibility. Traditional Ethernet mainly uses TCP/IP to build networks and gradually develops into RoCE.

　　Generally speaking, Ethernet networks are mainly used to connect multiple computers or other devices (such as printers, scanners, etc.) to a local area network. It can connect an Ethernet network to a wired network through fiber optic cables, or it can connect an Ethernet network to a wireless network through wireless networking technology. Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and Switched Ethernet are all major Ethernet types.

　　Ethernet

　　InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: What are the differences between them?

　　Cluster data transmission bottlenecks in high-performance computing scenarios are the original design target of InfiniBand, and it has become an interconnection standard that meets the requirements of the times. Therefore, there are many differences between InfiniBand and Ethernet in terms of bandwidth, latency, network reliability, network technology, and application scenarios.

　　Bandwidth

　　Since the advent of InfiniBand, the development speed of InfiniBand network has been faster than Ethernet. The main reason is that InfiniBand is used for interconnection between servers in high-performance computing and to reduce CPU load. However, Ethernet is more oriented to the interconnection of terminal devices and does not require too much bandwidth.

　　For high-speed network traffic exceeding 10G, if all data packets need to be unpacked, a lot of resources will be consumed. The first generation of SDR InfiniBand runs at 10Gbps, which not only increases data transmission bandwidth and reduces CPU load, but also allows high-speed network transmission to offload CPU and increase network utilization.

　　FedEx, DHL, UPS as the three giants of the international express industry, with their unique advantages and strong market position, in the fierce competition in the international logistics market.As an important brand soul of the company, freight agents Has outstanding performance, through the market test, still has a strong development trend. https://flyportt.com/

　　So which of these three companies is better? Let’s make a detailed comparison from multiple dimensions such as service network, price, timeliness, technological innovation and customer experience to find out!

　　international express

　　1. Service network and coverage

　　FedEx: As one of the world’s leading delivery service providers, FedEx has a vast and advanced transportation network that covers most of the world’s major cities and regions. Its extensive international network and rich experience have enabled FedEx to have a high market share in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in China.

　　DHL: As the leader of the international express industry, DHL has a strong global network and logistics strength, especially in the European region has a high market share and density. Renowned for its global connectivity, DHL is the partner of choice for many multinational companies.

　　UPS: UPS is one of the world’s largest package delivery and logistics companies with a global service network. Although UPS has a high market share in the Americas region, its coverage of the international express market is also quite extensive, and it is able to provide customers with reliable global logistics services.

　　international express

　　2. Price and cost

　　FedEx express prices are usually more competitive, especially in the provision of express services, but because of its high-end service positioning, the price is relatively high, suitable for users with high requirements for time.

　　DHL freight in the market at a medium level, cost-effective, suitable for the pursuit of stable service customers.

　　UPS’s shipping prices are also relatively high, but its services are extensive and reliable, suitable for customers who require higher logistics efficiency.

　　international express

　　3. Timeliness and service quality

　　FedEx is known for its efficient, on-time service, advanced logistics management systems and extensive international network to ensure that goods reach their destinations quickly and accurately. Especially in the Asia Pacific region, FedEx often leads the industry in shipping timeliness.

　　DHL is known for its fast time and stable service, and its express delivery time and service quality enjoy a high reputation in the industry.

　　UPS also provides efficient logistics services, with a high degree of information technology, and can provide real-time cargo tracking services to ensure that customers are always aware of package dynamics.

　　international express

　　4. Technological innovation and customer experience

　　FedEx has invested a lot of resources in the development of advanced logistics management system, to achieve accurate tracking and real-time monitoring of goods, greatly improving customer satisfaction.

　　DHL’s IT service system is far superior to its major competitors in terms of functionality, acceptability and availability, providing customers with a convenient operating experience.

　　UPS, through its advanced technology and extensive logistics network, provides customers with a full range of logistics solutions to help enterprises improve their competitiveness.

　　international express

　　5. Summary

　　To sum up, FedEx, DHL, UPS in the field of international transport each has its own advantages, it is difficult to simply judge which is stronger. Customers should weigh their choices according to their own needs and budgets.

　　FedEx is suitable for users who have higher requirements for time;

　　DHL has won widespread praise for its moderate prices and stable service.

　　Choosing the right touch sensor can significantly impact the performance and user experience of your device. Whether you’re designing a new product or upgrading an existing one, here’s a detailed guide from Singway to help you select the best touch sensor for your needs.So, membrane switch On the contrary, there is still a lot of room to play. https://singway-touch.com/

　　touch sensor

　　1. Understand Touch Sensor Types

　　There are several types of touch sensors, each with unique characteristics:

　　Capacitive Touch Sensors: These sensors detect changes in capacitance caused by the touch of a finger. They are highly responsive and commonly used in smartphones and tablets. They offer excellent durability and can support multi-touch functionality.

　　Resistive Touch Sensors: These sensors consist of two conductive layers separated by a small gap. When pressure is applied, the layers touch each other, registering the input. They are versatile and work with any stylus or object, making them suitable for environments where users might wear gloves.

　　Infrared Touch Sensors: These use infrared light beams to detect touch. They are highly accurate and work in various lighting conditions. Infrared sensors are ideal for large displays or kiosks.

　　Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: These sensors use ultrasonic waves to detect touch. They provide high clarity and sensitivity, making them ideal for applications where image quality is crucial, like in high-resolution touch screens.

　　2. Consider Your Application

　　The choice of touch sensor depends heavily on your application:

　　Consumer Electronics: For devices like smartphones and tablets, capacitive sensors are often preferred due to their sensitivity and multi-touch capabilities.

　　Industrial Applications: In rugged environments, resistive sensors might be more suitable due to their durability and ability to work with various input devices.

　　Large Displays: For interactive kiosks or large touch screens, infrared and SAW sensors offer high accuracy and responsiveness.

　　3. Evaluate Sensor Size and Resolution

　　The size and resolution of the touch sensor should match your application¨s requirements:

　　Screen Size: Ensure the sensor can cover the entire screen area. Larger screens may require sensors with specific characteristics to maintain performance and accuracy.

　　Resolution: Higher resolution sensors offer more precise touch detection. This is crucial for applications requiring fine touch input, such as graphic design or detailed data entry.

　　4. Assess Environmental Factors

　　Consider the environmental conditions where the sensor will be used:

　　Temperature and Humidity: Ensure the sensor can operate effectively in the temperature and humidity ranges of your application environment. Some sensors are designed for extreme conditions and offer better performance in challenging environments.

　　Exposure to Contaminants: In environments where dust, liquids, or other contaminants are present, choose sensors with protective coatings or designs that prevent these issues from affecting performance.

　　5. Multi-Touch and Gestures

　　If your application requires advanced user interactions:

　　Multi-Touch Capability: Capacitive and SAW sensors are excellent for multi-touch applications, allowing for complex gestures and simultaneous inputs.

　　Gesture Recognition: Some touch sensors support gesture recognition, enabling users to perform specific actions with swipes, pinches, and other gestures.

　　6. Power Consumption

　　Consider the power requirements of the touch sensor:

　　Low Power Consumption: For battery-powered devices, choose sensors that consume minimal power to extend battery life without compromising performance.

　　7. Cost vs. Performance

　　Balancing cost and performance is crucial:

　　Budget Constraints: While high-end sensors offer superior performance, there are often cost-effective options that still meet the necessary requirements. Evaluate the performance-to-cost ratio to find a suitable sensor within your budget.

　　In the world of accessories, especially in the realm of custom-made items, two terms often appear interchangeably but signify distinct products: enamel pins and lapel pins. Understanding their differences can help you choose the right accessory for your needs, whether for personal use, promotional purposes, or as part of a business strategy.pass custom medals for awards As can be seen from its market performance, it has strong vitality and strong appeal. https://www.karonmetal.com

　　Lapel Pins:

　　Lapel pins, historically, have been associated with formal wear, particularly on the lapel of a suit jacket or blazer. These pins typically feature a small design or emblem attached to a metal pin that can be affixed to clothing using a clutch or butterfly clutch back. They are versatile in design and purpose, ranging from corporate logos to symbols of affiliation or achievement. Lapel pins are often used to convey a sense of identity, belonging, or recognition, making them popular in corporate settings, clubs, organizations, and as commemorative items.

　　Enamel Pins:

　　Enamel pins, on the other hand, are a specific type of lapel pin distinguished by their production technique and aesthetic. These pins are crafted by filling recessed areas of a metal base (usually made of brass or iron) with colored enamel paints. This process creates a smooth, glossy finish that gives enamel pins their vibrant and durable appearance. Enamel pins can feature intricate designs, vivid colors, and even gradients, making them highly customizable and collectible. They often appeal to a younger demographic and are favored by artists, designers, and brands looking to create visually striking merchandise or promotional items.

　　Customization Options:

　　Both custom lapel pins and custom enamel pins offer extensive customization options. When ordering in bulk, businesses and organizations can personalize these pins with their logos, slogans, or unique designs to reflect their brand identity or commemorate special events. Custom lapel pins can be made using various materials and finishes, including gold or silver plating, antique finishes, and different attachment options such as magnetic backings or deluxe clutch fasteners.

　　Choosing Between Enamel and Lapel Pins:

　　The choice between enamel pins and lapel pins often depends on the desired aesthetic, intended use, and budget. Enamel pins are ideal for detailed artwork and vibrant colors, making them popular in artistic communities and among collectors. Lapel pins, while also customizable, cater more broadly to professional and formal settings where a subtle yet distinctive accessory is preferred.

　　In summary, while enamel pins and lapel pins share similarities in function and customization options, they differ primarily in production technique and aesthetic appeal. Understanding these differences can help individuals and businesses make informed decisions when selecting the right type of pin for their specific needs, whether for personal expression, corporate branding, or promotional purposes.

　　Recently, market research firm LightCounting (hereinafter referred to as LC) released a new report on the theme of “Optics for Artificial Intelligence”. The report points out that artificial intelligence has emerged in the blink of an eye. LC’s first “Optics for Artificial Intelligence” report emphasizes how artificial intelligence is changing computer architecture and networks, and optics plays a key role in this. LC’s artificial intelligence predictions focus on optics. However, the agency said that if there is one more prediction, it is: not only will optics play an important role in the development of artificial intelligence systems, but artificial intelligence will increasingly contribute to the design of these systems at the transistor, chip and system levels.For the immediate pressure, 400g aoc cable With its own coping style, it can break the predicament and usher in a new life through the quality of the product itself. https://www.3coptics.com/

　　optical technology

　　The pace of innovation varies across industries. New applications are developed at a rapid pace. Most of them will fail, but some will succeed and seemingly change the world overnight. Software and AI algorithms are being innovated faster than we can imagine. At least that¨s what it seems to be to outside observers, but experts may not see it that way.

　　Innovation in the hardware space is a more gradual but relentless process. Optical connectivity is no exception, and there is solid data to support this. The adoption of silicon photonics has taken a decade, waiting for the technology to bring truly disruptive solutions, such as reliable co-packaged optics. This will undoubtedly happen by the end of this decade, but the forecasts in this report focus on pluggable optical modules deployed in AI clusters – the dominant solution for optical connectivity today and over the next five years.

　　Currently, more than 90% of optical modules deployed in AI clusters are used for InfiniBand and Ethernet connections. As shown in the figure below, the bandwidth required for NVLink to connect to GPUs is 4 times that of Ethernet and InfiniBand. Another bottleneck in AI cluster design is the limited high-bandwidth memory (HBM) available to GPUs, which is another factor in the 3x bandwidth increase.

　　optical technology

　　It turns out that optical switches can be used to scale and reconfigure its AI clusters to improve cluster performance while minimizing cost and power consumption. The research firm expects more companies to adopt this technology in the next 3-5 years.

　　The scale of optical demand for applications in AI clusters is a pleasant surprise in 2023, and the timing of ChatGTP making headlines in late 2022 is particularly significant. Fears of an impending recession and initial signs of declining revenue growth have forced all leading cloud companies to cut spending, including investments in data centers and purchases of optical modules. Strong growth in 2024-2025 is unquestionable.

　　The growth of business from large network equipment manufacturers is the main factor affecting the sales volume of optical modules in 2023-2025. New designs for AI clusters require more optical modules. All previous systems used only InfiniBand networks for optical connections, and most of these systems were AOCs. The latest systems based on NDR (400G) InfiniBand use pluggable 400/800G SR4/SR8 and DR4/DR8 optical modules instead of AOCs. The company also released an NVLink chassis switch designed for 800G optical connections in March 2022. The company is currently testing optical fiber NVLink internally, but these solutions should be available to end users by the end of 2024. If it takes longer, LC said it will have to lower its forecast for 2025-2029.