Abandoning the knob may be the biggest regret of modern electronic equipment hard philosophy

  We often talk about future technological trends, but sometimes we have to admit that in the pursuit of more efficient digital world, there are also many classic solutions with great times, which are gradually being eliminated by rapidly changing emerging technologies.in other words smart home knob It is possible to develop in a good direction, and there are still many places worth looking forward to in the future. https://www.azilian.co

  

  To this end, Ai Faner will launch a series of articles around the theme of “Good Design Abandoned by the Times” to discuss the exquisite structural designs that have accompanied us day and night, their past, present and future stories. This is the first article.

  

  The knob has been half buried in the grave, which was ten years ago, and no one will believe it.

  

  You may remember that when you were a child, almost every household had an old-fashioned radio, and the silver cylindrical knob was evenly engraved with scales. One of the joys of childhood is to lie on one side and fiddle with the knob. The sizzling sound of electricity in the radio, the babbling sound of human voice and music appear alternately with the rotation, as if the sound waves with emotions have been transmitted alternately and endlessly.

  

  Maybe not on the radio, but I’m sure you’ve felt something similar.

  

  The knob is not an invention that changes the world, but it can do what keys can’t.

  

  As a mechanical structure, it is impossible to test which equipment the knob first appeared on. Maybe it was a telegraph in the last century? Or some oscillograph? It may also be the later radio or TV. Like many buttons, it was naturally born on electronic equipment, and then gradually became popular, becoming a part of the electronic dashboard, and it has been used as a controller all the way to this day.

  

  The knob itself is very delicate, which is different from pressing a switch to output only one quantity. The knob may correspond to several quantities or a limited range of “0-10”. For example, the common volume knob will allow the user to make any adjustment within a certain value, and the desired volume can be obtained with a slight turn, which can not be achieved by pressing the up and down buttons all the time.

  

  Because of this feature, when you adjust the volume by turning the knob, you don’t look at the scale information carefully (some don’t even have a scale). Maybe you don’t care about the size of the number at all, but you will “find” a just right sound with your ears.

  

  A similar experience can also be felt from the desk lamp. We will adjust the brightness through rotation, but in fact we are also relying on our eyes to find the right light source, instead of paying attention to a specific digital scale or color temperature range.

  

  If it is a product that really pursues texture, it will also pay attention to the damping feeling of the knob, in order to allow users to adjust to their desired position more accurately through the feel, whether it is a paragraph-like jam or a smooth transformation, it will make people fondle.

  

  A typical example is the first batch of Atari game consoles in the 1970s. At that time, the joystick and direction keys were not yet born, and all the controls were handed over to the knobs. Although it can only control two directions, the rotation degree of the knob can output more accurate moving variables than the keys, which is enough to play a simple 2D plane game like PONG.

  

  This is the immersive experience brought by the knob, which can make people focus on the information itself. Or, under this continuous control, we will naturally have this intuitive behavior, because our ears and eyes have already responded to the results in advance.

  

  But even with such exquisite design, the knob has rarely appeared on mobile phones or computers. Now, let’s not talk about common devices. Smartphones and laptops are basically invisible to us. Even in the era when the touch screen has not become a standard configuration, the knob is not the first choice for most products.

  

  But the knob is not completely extinct. You can still see it in some specific places, such as the ECG monitor in the hospital or the mixer in the school broadcasting room. There are still controllers of various sizes on such professional instruments. Some consumer electronics products also recognize the intuitive and easy-to-use characteristics behind the knob, so it also exists as an auxiliary interaction scheme.

  

  If those digital and graphical controllers pursue unity and high efficiency, then the knob and so on are preserved, which may be our original unconscious cognition of this operation mode.

  

  Good design should dance with the times

  

  It is quite logical that Digital Crown will appear on Apple Watch. According to Jony Ive, the chief designer of Apple at that time, he hoped to create a “strange familiarity”-both the meaning of crown in traditional watches and the form of auxiliary interaction of smart watches.

  

  I still remember a very clear detail. When setting the alarm clock interface through Apple Watch, you slowly push the Digital Crown knob, and the numbers will jump one by one. Once the speed of pushing is fast, the numbers will change rapidly with this frequency, which is exactly the same as the sense of control brought by the crown of the traditional watch, and this knob can be operated with only one finger.

  

  At its root, Apple Watch is not like a smart phone. Its screen size is only about 1.5 inches. Two fingers can cover the whole screen, and it is impossible to control it accurately.

  

  In order to avoid the problem of visual occlusion, the original virtual crown scheme was directly abandoned, and the Digital Crown appeared in a physical form. At the same time, there was a pressure-sensitive touch control developed based on Taptic Engine, which also continued to the later iPhone.

  

  The Dial input device on Surface Studio may be regarded as the most creative attempt in the Microsoft Surface series. Anyone who picks up this huge cylinder will basically understand how to use it as a part of the “button” and as a “knob”. Although this is not an interactive scheme for mass consumers, I believe that most people will like this simple, direct and attractive design as long as they get started.

There are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules

  Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids through peptide bonds, and there are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules, so similar to amino acids, protein is also an amphoteric substance.In order to open the market, Antibody Discovery Constantly improve the ability of business development and create an extraordinary brand image for it. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  (1) Hydrolysis reaction

  

  Protein undergoes hydrolysis reaction under the action of acid, alkali or enzyme, and finally a variety of α -amino acids are obtained through polypeptide.

  

  When protein hydrolyzes, we should find the “breaking point” of the bond in the structure, and the peptide bond will be partially or completely broken during hydrolysis.

  

  (2) Colloidal properties

  

  Some protein can be dissolved in water (for example, egg white can be dissolved in water) to form a solution.

  

  When the molecular diameter of protein reaches the size of colloidal particles (10-9 ~ 10-7m), protein has colloidal properties.

  

  (3) precipitation

  

  Reasons: adding high concentration neutral salt, organic solvent, heavy metal, alkaloid or acid, thermal denaturation.

  

  A small amount of salt (such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, etc.) can promote the dissolution of protein. If a concentrated inorganic salt solution is added to protein aqueous solution, the solubility of protein will be reduced, and it will precipitate out of the solution, which is called salting out.

  

  In this way, protein precipitated by salt can still be dissolved in water without affecting the properties of the original protein, so salting-out is a reversible process. Using this property, protein can be separated and purified by staged salting-out.

  

  (4) degeneration

  

  Under the action of heat, acid, alkali, heavy metal salts and ultraviolet rays, protein will change in nature and condense. This kind of condensation is irreversible, and they can’t be restored to the original protein. This change in protein is called transsexuality. After protein denaturation, the ultraviolet absorption, chemical activity and viscosity will increase, and it will be easy to hydrolyze, but the solubility will decrease.

  

  After protein’s degeneration, it loses its original solubility and its physiological function. Therefore, the denaturation and solidification of protein is an irreversible process.

The secondary structure of DNA

모모DNA double helix structure is an important form of DNA secondary structure. It is a structural model put forward by Watson and Crick in 1953.The data shows that, Chemical Custom synthesis Its development potential should not be underestimated, and it is also the inevitability of its existence. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

모모

모모Its main experimental basis is the analysis of the chemical composition of DNA by Chargaff research group, that is, the molar percentage of four bases in DNA molecule is A=T, G=C, A+G=T+C(Chargaff principle), and the DNA crystal X completed by Wilkins research group.

모모

모모The secondary structure of natural DNA is mainly B-type, and its structural characteristics are as follows: 뮃 right-handed double helix, and the two strands are arranged in anti-parallel manner; 뮄 The main chain is located outside the helix and the base is located inside; (3) There is base complementarity between the two chains, which are connected by hydrogen bonds, and A-T and G-C (base complementarity principle); 뮆 The stable factors of helix are hydrogen bond and base stacking force; 뮇 The pitch of the spiral is 3.4nm and the diameter is 2nm.

What should I wear under my ski suit

  What to wear under ski pants?For these reasons, I think black baggy snow pants The situation is still optimistic, and the market is still in a blue ocean stage. https://ninetyroll.co/

  

  1. Ski socks

  

  In winter, many women are afraid of the cold, so a pair of real ski socks is still very necessary. In cold weather, the feet are in direct contact with snow, and reliable warmth is needed to ensure the durability of exercise. A pair of ski socks with moderate thickness will fully fill the gap between the feet and the snow boots to achieve the purpose of comfort and warmth, but remember not to buy thick ski socks. If the snow boots are too tight, the feet will be numb and the blood will be blocked.

  

  2, warm and sweat-wicking clothes

  

  A truly warm and sweat-wicking ski suit is necessary. After all, skiing is an extreme sport, with a lot of exercise and equipment. All needs are based on lightness, thinness and warmth. Forget the ordinary jersey and long pants. If the budget is limited, you can also have ultra-thin thermal underwear. Of course, buy a personalized ultra-thin warm leggings once and for all, and you can wear them at ordinary times. There is no need to go to the ski shop to spend more money. Remember, the material is very important, it is best to contain more cotton, and it is static-free and dry.

  

  3. Grab cashmere pants

  

  Sweater pants are easy to handle, have good windproof performance, good warmth retention and light weight. Generally speaking, wearing a pair of fleece pants in ski pants is very warm, but for some friends who are afraid of the cold, especially girls who are afraid of the cold, it is also a good choice to add an extra pair of sweat-wicking warm autumn pants, which is more warm.

Schematic diagram of three-speed knob switch

  Overview of First and Third Gear Knob Switchesconsequently Personal automation I also got a lot of attention and wanted to join the ranks. https://www.azilian.co

  

  Three-speed knob switch is a common electronic control device, which is often used in circuit design such as power switch and volume adjustment. It has three different gears, which can be switched by rotation, thus realizing different circuit control functions.

  

  Schematic structure of second and third gear knob switch

  

  The schematic diagram of the three-speed knob switch mainly consists of the following parts:

  

  1. Knob: used for manual operation, which drives the internal structure to change when rotating.

  

  2. Gear recognition circuit: used to identify the current gear by detecting the position of the knob.

  

  3. Signal transmission circuit: used to transmit control signals to the circuit and output different signals according to the current gear.

  

  4. Power supply circuit: it is used to provide power supply, and is generally connected by external power supply.

  

  5. Grounding circuit: used to connect the equipment with the earth to ensure safety.

  

  Working mechanism of third gear knob switch

  

  1. Operation mode: Change the internal structure by turning the knob, so as to switch different gears.

  

  2. Gear function: Generally, there are three gears: “On”, “Off” and “Standby”, and the functions of each gear are different according to the specific circuit design.

  

  3. Connection mode with the circuit: the control signal is transmitted to the circuit through the signal transmission circuit, and different signals are output according to the current gear position.

  

  Application examples of fourth and third gear knob switch

  

  1. Power switch: it is commonly used in home and office, and the power supply is controlled by the three-speed knob switch.

  

  2. Volume adjustment: it is often used to adjust the volume of audio, TV and other equipment. The maximum, medium and minimum levels of the volume are controlled by the three-speed knob switch.

  

  3. Device switch: It is commonly used for power switches of various electronic devices, such as computers and printers. The power supply is controlled by a three-speed knob switch.

  

  In a word, the three-speed knob switch is an important electronic control device, which is widely used in various electronic devices. Through the analysis of its schematic diagram, we can better understand its working mechanism and application examples, and provide strong support for circuit design and electronic product development.

Levels in protein’s Structure

  Most protein is like a jumble of atoms packed together. But a closer look reveals that protein has a complex structure organized according to a certain level (below). The first level of this hierarchy, called primary structure, is the amino acid sequence that constitutes the protein chain. Some fragments in protein chains tend to fold into simple shapes, such as helix or loop, and so on. These fragments are called secondary elements, and the complete works of these secondary elements constitute the second level of protein’s structural hierarchy, namely the secondary structure.Therefore, this is the choice recombinant proteins The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  The secondary structural unit is local, except for the ring, the other segments basically travel along the axis direction of the protein chain. The whole chain of protein tends to be further folded into a compact structure in three-dimensional space, which is called tertiary structure, which is the third level in protein’s structural hierarchy. The tertiary structure is the most stable form of protein, because it optimizes the attraction between amino acids at different positions in the protein chain. Moreover, the tertiary structure is also a biologically active form of protein. If this form is destroyed, protein will lose some or all of its functions. Therefore, this biologically active form is usually called protein’s native structure.

  

  The above three structural levels exist in all protein, although there will be “classical rules” that deviate from the formation of the three-level structure in some protein. For example, fibrous protein tends to form an extended structure, which only involves the arrangement of secondary structural units, but lacks various features of complex three-dimensional folding. Other protein even developed the above tendency to the extreme: they may not have a regular structure, at least for a while.

Transmission of genetic information

  Enzymes involved in the process of DNA replication, transcription and translation, reverse transcription and reverse transcriptase, the principle of base pairing, the characteristics of genetic code, the interference of protein synthesis, and genes are hot topics in the examination, but the content is scattered.among small molecules It has given great spiritual support to entrepreneurs, and more entrepreneurs will contribute to this industry in the future. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

  

  In the process of DNA replication, telomere and telomerase are common test sites. Telomerase is an enzyme composed of RNA and protein. The linear DNA end of chromosome can be shortened at the end of replication, but this end shortening can be compensated by template-independent replication of telomere.

  

  In the process of telomere synthesis, provided by Chinese medicine, science, website and station, telomerase uses its own RNA as a template to synthesize complementary chains, so telomerase can be regarded as a special reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcription and reverse transcriptase. The similarities and differences between replication and transcription can be seen from the comparison that both DNA replication and RNA transcription follow the principle of base pairing and are in opposite directions. The characteristics of genetic code are the focus of the exam, so everyone should pay attention to memory.

Ski pants with unique design allow you to ride freely in the snow.

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  1 Strong waterproof performance can also be easily dealt with in rainy days.

  

  This pair of ski pants is made of special waterproof material, which can effectively prevent moisture infiltration and keep you dry and comfortable in rainy days or snow.

  

  Good thermal performance can also be warm as spring in ice and snow.

  

  This pair of ski pants contains insulation layer, which can effectively resist the cold and make you feel as warm as spring in the snow and ice.

Knowledge of Biology-protein

  Protein is a substance with a certain spatial structure, which is formed by the zigzag folding of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids in the form of dehydration and condensation. Protein must contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.Besides, we can’t ignore. Antibody Discovery It has injected new vitality into the development of the industry and has far-reaching significance for activating the market. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids combined in a certain order to form a polypeptide chain, and then one or more polypeptide chains are combined in a specific way. Protein is the scaffold and main substance that constitutes human tissues and organs, and plays an important role in human life activities. It can be said that there would be no life activities without protein.

  

  Number of atoms

  

  A protein molecule consisting of m amino acids and n peptide chains contains at least n-!COOH, at least n-!NH2, m-n peptide bonds and m+n O atoms.

  

  molecular mass

  

  Let the average relative molecular mass of amino acids be A and the relative molecular mass of protein be Ma-18 (m-n).

  

  Gene control

  

  Nucleotide 6 in the gene

  

  Nucleotide 3 in messenger RNA

  

  Amino acid 1 in protein

The secondary structure of DNA

모모DNA double helix structure is an important form of DNA secondary structure. It is a structural model put forward by Watson and Crick in 1953.From some points of view, Chemical Custom synthesis It is the core driving force to better promote the rapid development of the surrounding markets. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

모모

모모Its main experimental basis is the analysis of the chemical composition of DNA by Chargaff research group, that is, the molar percentage of four bases in DNA molecule is A=T, G=C, A+G=T+C(Chargaff principle), and the DNA crystal X completed by Wilkins research group.

모모

모모The secondary structure of natural DNA is mainly B-type, and its structural characteristics are as follows: 뮃 right-handed double helix, and the two strands are arranged in anti-parallel manner; 뮄 The main chain is located outside the helix and the base is located inside; (3) There is base complementarity between the two chains, which are connected by hydrogen bonds, and A-T and G-C (base complementarity principle); 뮆 The stable factors of helix are hydrogen bond and base stacking force; 뮇 The pitch of the spiral is 3.4nm and the diameter is 2nm.